The concept of hegemony - Politics Dissertations - Free Essay Example

The concept of hegemony is notoriously difficult to quantify both in concrete political terms and in a less tangible philosophical manner. Moreover, in a world increasingly divided upon religious as opposed to ideological lines, the concept of hegemony has suffered from a certain crisis of relevance whereby it would seem that the preponderance of resources has indeed become the central precept for the paradigm per se; whereby, furthermore, economic and cultural imperialism have united to ensure the dominance of one geo political system within the international order in the vacuum created by the dissolution of ideology and the triumph of multi national capitalism. Yet all is not quite as it seems in the modern international sphere. Current events have a distinctly repetitive feel but, at the same time, the international relations landscape is changing and re configuring its boundaries with such rapidity and vigour that definitions and sweeping statements are deemed, correctly, to be out of place concerning any particular sphere of international relations. Certainly, the broader subject of hegemony and inter state communication is of utmost importance in the comprehension of the new world order, though keeping track of new theories is an essentially difficult, contradictory experience, particularly at the dawn of the twenty first century. As Benno Teschke (2003:1) explains in the opening chapter of his book, The Myth of 1648, the entire subject of contemporary international relations theory is in a constant state of flux, inspired by the death of the nation state and the advent of post modernity. The classical Westphalian system, rooted in the primacy of the modern, territorially bounded sovereign state, is being replaced by a post territorial, post modern global order. The old logic of geopolitical security is being subordinated to geo economics, multi level global governance, or the demands of a multi actor international civil society. A fundamental transformation in the structure of the international system and its rules of conflict and co operation is unfolding before our eyes. For the purposes of the essay, it will be necessary to analyse the concept of hegemony from its origins to see how it has evolved over time and where its relevance might lie within todays post structuralist society, taking a chronological view so as to see how its conceptual meaning has altered along the way. It will likewise be necessary to examine international economic realities and histories as well as political instances of hegemony to highlight the essential duality between continuity and change in other words, how the past might help us to better understand the present and the future, yet also how the current world order presents unique problems that were of no relevance in the past, which necessarily makes an overall academic judgement more problematic. First a definition of hegemony must be attempted. Within the context of this essay, it is extremely important to comprehend the inherently different strands of hegemony: political, military, economic and cultural. Even more noteworthy is the general interchange that is apparent between the above factors politics merges with economics and military helps to define any given national culture, which, in turn, means that hegemony is very difficult to quantify in the essentially narrow conceptual terms of simply a preponderance of resources. It will be shown that, throughout recorded history, nations and states have used a combination of factors to control other states, all designed to increase the security of the region and underwrite the strength of the dominant geo political power. Each nation and state that has enjoyed a period of relative dominance has chosen, either through external circumstances that have been thrust upon the rulers or via a conscious, calculated ideological choice , to use one of the above themes of hegemony to perpetuate its power base. When a group of people takes control over the fate of another it is never via only one of the above strands political, military, economic or cultural. Rather, there always exists a concoction of more than one of the dominant conceptual themes to achieve the sum of hegemony and though much has changed throughout the course of history, this central precept remains difficult to ignore. The key player in any discussion pertaining to hegemony and the preponderance of resources has to be the state. Certainly, as far as G. John Ikenberry (1986:53) is concerned, the interaction between any given domestic and international political economy has always been at the epicentre of international relations theory and the comprehension of the rule of empire and state elites lies in understanding the ultimate power that the state has always possessed. As administrative and coercive organisations, states are embedded in complex political and economic environments and have a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence. Although they vary considerably, they have several elements in common. All states make exclusive claims to the coercive and juridical control of particular territories, and they also make special claims to the definition and representation of broad national interests. In conceptual terms, hegemony is best understood as the expression of societys ruling classes over the majority of the nation or state over whom they propose to rule. Gramsci (1971:328), the interwar international relations academic and political prisoner who spent his final years behind bars in Mussolinis Italy, describes hegemony as, a conception of the world that is implicitly manifest in art, in law, in economic activity and in all manifestations of individual and collective life. Gramsci here describes cultural hegemony, which was of particular relevance when he was writing in the 1930s, in a world that was dominated by ideological concerns. This type of hegemony and cultural control is a constant political reality that has been a feature of culture and society since the first recorded migrations of man. Never has hegemony as an ideal simply been confined to the realms of natural resources and economic might; it has always been an intangible equation of political power expressed through the elite of any particular nation, state or empire. The much celebrated Athenians, for example, made hegemony an everyday feature of the ancient world, whereby people were defined via their status within the broader Greek political and cultural hierarchy. The Greeks underscored their cultural ideal of hegemony with language and politics, especially the concept of citizenship, which remains a key feature in the study of political and cultural hegemony today. The United States today uses its visa system, for example, to differentiate between alien visitors from within the wider plates of the hegemony that it has created. In the ancient world, Plato and Aristotle grouped the various bands of hegemony together to form what they saw as civilisation. Therefore, to be an Athenian Greek was to be a civilised member of the hegemony of the nascent nation state; to be a barbarian was to be an uncivilised member of the outposts of society, the parts where hegemony had hitherto failed to penetrate as a paradigm and as a cultural and economic force. This phenomenon has since been mirrored in the twenty first century with President Bushs with us or against us stance to global terrorism, where hegemony is once again used as the primary force in the perpetuation of the dominant military, political and economic power of the epoch. Ancient cultures used the acquisition of foreign resources to underline their superior military and cultural power, although it should be noted that the technology and logistics did not then exist to ensure the movement of goods and services across inter state borders so that the preponderance of resources could not become the only outlet of hegemony as a concept. The Middle East trade route, for instance, remained a largely autonomous cultural, political and economic region in spite of the combined power of the Greek and Roman Empires, curtailing efforts at building an Empire from the sole premise of a sound economic base. Therefore, in the ancient world, hegemony meant much more than a preponderance of resources. It implied tangible political and citizenry rights and access to a pre defined status quo that was welded by the elite members of the state and continually updated and re defined by the men and women who had access to power within the machinations of the state. Indeed, the central role of the human actors within the state system remain as relevant today as they were in the ancient world and to dismiss their relevance as secondary to the preponderance of resources would be to misinterpret the dynamics of inter state governance. Individual diplomats, ministers, parties and politics will always have a bearing on the future of both international relations as well as the concept of hegemony where economic resources are only one factor in a much larger pyramid of political and economic concerns. It thus becomes apparent that hegemony must co exist with the broader notion of empire, which is itself constructed upon the solid foundations of economic dynamism garnered through the procurement of resources. The notion of empire altered irrevocably during the dawn of modern history where industrialisation proved to be the catalyst for the significant, seismic shift in the view of hegemony as cultural, economic and political benchmark. The nineteenth century was indeed a watershed in terms of the re drawing of the conceptual parameters of hegemony. The Victorian era saw the traditional European empires of France, Belgium, Britain and Germany use their vast military and economic superiority to carve up the undeveloped world amongst each other with the procurement of raw materials and economic resources utilised as the main motivation for extra territorial action. Without doubt, it is at this juncture in world history that the preponderance of resources becomes the pre eminent factor in the power of hegemony and cultural imperialism. The Scramble for Africa, for instance, constituted a devouring of the worlds finest natural resources and raw materials; resources that were unavailable in Europe were discovered in seemingly endless abundance in Africa and the poor political and social infrastructure of the indigenous tribes meant that, militarily, it was a case of simply buying off the key local decision makers and men of influence to ensure European preponderance of locally based economic wealth. Furthermore, unlike the false promise of El Dorado that hampered the conquistadores in Latin America, the lure of previously unimaginable wealth in Africa was the determining factor behind the unprecedented and swift carving up of the African continent. The impulse for hegemony, in this instance, was therefore the possibility of individual accumulation of economic empire as well as the broader national acquisition of another nations indigenous wealth. Charles Tilly (1985:172) explains how the extraction of resources from local producers and traders in Africa was the most important development for the edification of European hegemony in the undeveloped world and for the structure of the contemporary world order today. The quest inevitably involved them in establishing regular access to capitalists who could supply and arrange credit, and to imposing one form of regular taxation or another on the people and activities within their sphere of control. Industrialisation was therefore the central difference between nineteenth century views of imperial hegemony and that which was witnessed in the ancient and medieval worlds. Resources became, for the first time, the main concern of empire builders. This period in world history is also important for what it implies about the motives of the European leaders and rulers who embarked upon their scramble for Africas resources. What is immediately noticeable when reading the primary sources of these explorers was the way in which they attempted to hide their true (economic) motive from view. The first British travellers to the dark continent promulgated the view that the Europeans were on a civilising mission to save the Africans from a life of pagan sin. Moreover, they said, their religious and missionary zeal would inevitably rub off on the political and economic mood of the continent so that, in effect, the Africans would wish to copy their European partners in order to better help thems elves in the long term; politically, economically and socially. To achieve this end, the Europeans thus tied the notion of political territorial acquisition to the preponderance of resources by controlling the mechanisms of the fledgling states as well as the production of raw materials and natural resources. The nineteenth century partition of the undeveloped world by the most powerful industrial states of the age thus left a legacy that is of the utmost relevance for the topic of hegemony in todays twenty first century society. As economic resources become increasingly scarce in the contemporary world, the major Western powers must find ways of securing the holding of resources while covering up the raw economic reasons for doing so. One can see, as Chomsky and Vidal attest, a certain similarity between the contemporary US symptom of national security and the war on terror and the Victorian ideal of a missionary zeal. Significantly, both propaganda spins fail to recognise that the preponderance of resources is the real reason why these states have found themselves fighting foreign wars and stationing troops so very far from their own national borders in the recent past. Of added significance was the fact that the Victorian experimentation with imperialism showed, for the first time, how a state might achieve supreme power with resources and capital based outside of the national territorial borders. Susan Strange (1988:2) sees this as the most important step in the development of true imperial hegemony in the West; the point where a modern nation has the ability to dictate key economic policy far beyond its own national, geo political borders. The location of productive capacity is far less important than the location of the people who maker the decisions on what is to be produced, where and how, and who design, direct and manage to sell successfully on a world market. At this point it makes sense to shift the focus of our investigation from a broader viewpoint of historical instances of hegemony to a dissection of the most important contemporary topic within the confines of the essay title. The key contemporary actor within the study, without a doubt, must be the United States, the source of the preponderance of twenty first century economic resources and the still the most potent post modern military force on the planet. As the eminent British historian, E.H. Carr (1992:292), writing on the eve of the Second World War, testified, hegemony is a by product of realism; an essentially Darwinist view of politics that suggests a discernibly detectable survival of the fittest in international affairs. The unassailable American hegemony of the post modern age is best understood within this wholly realist context. To attempt to ignore power as a decisive factor in every political situation is purely utopian. It is scarcely less utopian to imagine an international order built on a coalition of states, each striving to defend and assert its own interests. Since 1945 the USA has built its empire upon the twin pillars of the military and its insatiable consumer economy, even going so far as to re model the state to the tune of the desires of the political economy. The National Security Act (1947), for example, which oversaw the formation of the CIA, was the first in a long history of decrees and acts designed to ensure the longevity of the republican model and the destruction of all of its ideological enemies in the process. Gore Vidal (2004:95 96) explains the dynamic nature of American national security policy, post 1945, a policy that deemed aggression as the best form of political and economic defence. When Japan surrendered, the United States was faced with a choice: either disarm, as we had done in the past and enjoy the prosperity that comes from releasing so much wealth and energy into the private sector, or maintain ourselves on a fully military basis, which would mean a tight control over our allies and such conquered provinces as West Germany, Italy and Japan. It is important to understand that Washington wishes its control of the globe not to be limited to its dominance of world economic resources; rather, hegemony, as it is understood in 2005, is a varied political, economic and cultural phenomenon that wishes to export the very ethos of the United States as well as importing the wealth generated by the nations pre eminent economic position. To date, the United States has used language, technology and the military to acquire its vast array of economic resources and likewise uses its dynamic corporate ethic to underpin the strategies of the imperial national government. Therefore, to see the preponderance of resources as the only specific aim of American hegemony in the twenty first century is to miss the point entirely. As previously outlined, the American government understands the essential interplay between the various features of hegemony. Certainly, the USA has used economics as its basis for the extension of power witnessed since 1 945 but the ideology of the most awesome capitalist country on the planet has been held in place via the spread of its symbolic features to every corner of the globe (except, of course, for large swathes of the Middle East, which is a source of much of the antagonism between the two diametrically opposed sections of the new global economy). Various international relations commentators have noted the way in which imperial America uses brand names such as MacDonalds and Nike to increase the economic and cultural hegemony of the US Empire, leaving fast food restaurants and designer clothes chains as castles by proxy. As Chomsky (2003:13) succinctly puts it: The goal of the imperial grand strategy is to prevent any challenge to the power, position and prestige of the United States. Theories have abounded concerning the so called decline of American hegemony, largely circulating since the oil crisis in the 1970s, which first highlighted the fragility of the preponderance of key natural resources in the post modern world. Susan Strange disagrees fundamentally with international relations commentators such as Nye, who see Americas decline as an inevitable by product of the notion of both hegemony and Empire, essentially dictating that from Rome to Byzantium to Britain any attempt to secure global pre eminence must end in the destruction of that political and economic model. She argues that the USA is a unique case that shows no signs of the fragmentation that beset its historical precedents. Essentially, this means that US notions of hegemony are not solely tied to economic factors pertaining to the preponderance of resources; its survival and indeed growth rests upon the fact that the USA ideal of hegemony is far more flexible than many critics give it credit f or. As Cox (2005:21) underscores, the issue of American hegemony entails far more than a swelling of the national treasury at the expense of extra territorial economic resources. One of the more obvious objections to the idea of a specific American empire is that, unlike the real empires in the past, the United States has not acquired, and does not seek to acquire the territory of others. This in turn has been allied to another obvious objection: that the United States has often championed the cause of political freedom in the world. How then can one talk of empire when one of the United States obvious impulses abroad has been to advance the cause of national democracy and self determination? The issue of hegemony in contemporary times is further hampered by the ambiguity and uncertainty that surrounds the ultra contentious geo political and economic topic of globalisation. Not only have scholars found globalisation extremely difficult to define but it also poses unique problems of conceptual bracketing. It is supposedly an economic question (intrinsically tied to the preponderance of resources) yet in practice, globalisation appears to be little more than an extension of American political hegemony, namely the spread of democracy to every reach of the globe as the initial platform on which to launch a visionary global hegemony. Whereas the nineteenth century European empires formulated the concept of the preponderance of natural resources as the most vital step on the way to the establishment of their brand of hegemony, the Americans in the twenty first century have used technology, particularly their corporate dominance of new media and the Internet to strengthen their dominant position in the world economy. Globalisation therefore is tantamount to Westernisation, which is itself a direct descendent of Americanisation. According to Sinclair et al (2004:297), world patterns of communication flow, both in density and direction, mirror the system of domination in the economic and political order, and in this way it can be shown how US hegemony is built upon sterner raw materials than the mere preponderance of economic resources. Indeed, logic dictates that if the USAs global hegemony was only standing upon the prevalence of resources, then its position would be nothing like as contentious as it is in the broa der world order, constituting the front line of the new global disorder, as Robert Harvey describes it. Indeed, Harvey (2003:455) already views the concept of global hegemony as outdated, requiring five separate but interconnecting strands of economic and politic pro action to keep the status quo alive in the future. These then are the five great areas of change necessary to avoid a state of global political economic anarchy: the establishment of superpower policing to combat terrorism and to prevent conflicts breaking out all over the world, through an efficient system of regional alliances and deterrents, backed up by the threat of major superpower intervention; the widening and deepening of global democracy; the regulation of the global economy through co operation between the three economic super states of the next few decades America, Europe and Japan in co operation with regional groupings of the rest of the world; a gigantic government primed stimulus for demand and development in the three quarters of the developing world untouched by globalisation; and reform from within of the capitalist corporation. Conclusion The analysis of hegemony and power bases throughout history shows that the prevalence of resources is but one factor in a multi faceted chain of command that requires a strong military and political infrastructure as well as a flourishing economic base to prevail. The upsurge in interest that the topic of hegemony has generated in recent years has been due to the power of the worlds one remaining superpower alone. Hegemony has become synonymous with Americas quest for global dominance and various commentators have cited the contemporary war on terror as nothing but a smokescreen for the increasing garnering of resources, particularly oil in the Middle East. Indeed, Vidal (2004:7) compares the war on terror to a war on dandruff; such is his confusion over what the notion actually means. There is no doubt that it is this perceived neo imperialism that is at the heart of the current negativity surrounding the concept of hegemony and its continued association with solely (Western) economic motives. However, it should be noted that a significant change in the global order is currently under way, one in which the Americans will have to broker what Strange (1988:17) refers to as a series of New Deals with autonomous international states in order to remain a leading economic force. The advent of China, in particular, as the twenty first centurys most potent consumer and industrial society will undoubtedly challenge the very ideal of American and Western hegemony and will necessarily require a re drafting of the USAs preponderance of resources. Hegemony must, in effect, adapt to a discernible duality and spirit of inter state co operation that the concept has not known in the past. The concept of hegemony therefore has value far beyond the preponderance of resources as the evolving concept of globalisation is in the process of emphasising. As globalisation begins to take hold as an economic, cultural and political reality, the effects of hegemony will be felt in all areas of the world that wish to be part of the dissolution of the concept of the nation state and the embracement of a new political and economic world order.

Miss Brill by Katherine Mansfield Book Review - 275 Words

Miss Brill by Katherine Mansfield (Book Review Sample) Content: Studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameInstructorà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s NameCourseDate"Miss Brill" by Katherine MansfieldNothing could be more embarrassing than being taunted at the point when one feels good about themselves. Well, this happens to many people, and it happened to Miss Brill too. To those who are unaware of who Miss Brill is, she is the main character in a story authored by Katherine Mansfield. She works as an English teacher at a school in France and enjoys going to the theater every Sunday. Although there are many highlights in the short story, the interplay between the character of Miss Brill and the overall effect and meaning of the short story is something of interest to literary enthusiasts who read the story. Taking everything into account, Miss Brillà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s eccentric and escapist character plays an important role in developing the plot and in bringing out the themes discussed in the short story.As a person, Miss Brill is eccentric. From her choice of clothes to he r choice of leisure, Miss Brill appears different. For example, the author has this to say about the fur that she chose to wear on this particular Sunday: "Miss Brill put up her hand and touched her fur. Dear little thing! It was nice to feel it again. She had taken it out of its box that afternoon, shaken out the moth-powder, given it a good brush, and rubbed the life back into the dim little eyes" (Mansfield Para. 1). The oddity of this little gesture is magnified by the admiration that Miss Brill seems to express for the piece of cloth.Her keen attention to detail is also another thing that sets her apart. She takes time to observe the fur that she was wearing, the sky and the theater. She also takes note of the little details about the people that she meets. For instance, she remembers the conversation that she eavesdropped during the last Sunday and overheard a lady saying "theyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ll always be sliding down my nose" (Mansfield Para. 4). In addition, Miss Brill takes note of the songs that the band plays each of the Sundays she goes to the theater as well as the mood of the crowd.Miss Brillà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s eccentric character becomes important in the analysis of the short story; her eccentric character brings out the contrasts that the author intended to articulate in the story. For example, her eccentric nature brings out the fact that she is a master of self-deceit. Throughout the short story, Miss Brill plays a somewhat "bizarre" role whereby she ridicules people living a life that mirrors her own. Without realizing it, she makes fun of the "odd" and boring people attending the theater she goes to every SundayCITATION Jul90 \p 120 \l 1033 (Gunsteren 120). For example, she says that the old people "sat on the bench, still as statues" (Mansfield Para. 5). She singles out one couple and says "à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬he was wearing a dreadful Panama hat, and she button boots" (Mansfield Para. 4). Miss Brill sees nothing good in the people that she interacts with eve ry Sunday.However, the irony of the story is that she goes to the theater to escape the loneliness that confronts her every day. The people in the theater do not pay close attention to her, although she wishes that somebody would talk to her and make her feel a part of this foreign community where she lives. When no one does so, she resorts to the use of imagination to create a fantasy world where she is also starring. The use of imagination is an attempt to recreate her life instead of accepting life as it is.The truth dawns on her when a young couple makes fun of her. In their words, she is a "stupid, old, lonely lady that nobody wants" (Mansfield Para. 13). The words from the young couple hurt Miss Brill because she is just that- an old lady with no friends in a foreign city that nobody in the neighborhood associates with. Miss Brill is not the character that she pretends to be. She holds herself in high regard even though her life is one of loneliness and self-deceit. Without using Miss Brillà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s eccentric character, the author would be in great difficulty trying to bring out the irony of the story.Through Miss Brill, Katherine Mansfield achieves two key objectives: she develops the plot of the story and builds on the major themes. For example, as the main character, Miss Brill portrays a character that contradicts the reality of the life that she lives. That contrast develops the plot of the story and facilitates the analysis of the themes that the author wants to convey in the story. Additionally, the contradicting character of Miss Brill enables the reader to understand the literary devices used in the story.Apart from being eccentric, Miss Brill is also escapist. She does not want to face the reality of her life. The theater is one of the places whereby she attempts to escape to. She comes to the theater every Sunday, even though the theater is not an interesting placeCITATION She09 \p 118 \l 1033 (Song 118). This becomes evident when the author reveals "Last Sunday, too, hadn't been as interesting as usual" (Mansfield Para. 3).In fact, she comes to the theater wishing to connect with the people, observe their mannerisms and eavesdrop on their conversations. However, even though she thinks that the people had come "from their dark little rooms or even à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ even cupboards," (Mansfield Para. 10) she does not realize that she is sailing in the same boat with them; she is just trying to come out of her own little dark room of loneliness and self-deceit. On this Sunday, when no one engages in a conversation, she gets lost into a sea of imagination and tries to c...

Walking Into The Career Fair Essay - 709 Words

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Rousseau, Thoreau, And Marx - 1238 Words

Rousseau, Thoreau, and Marx discuss man’s alienation from nature and his/her natural conscience, which is sublated by material consciousnesses that are symbolic of: luxury, liberty, and capital. The alienating effects in the transition from feudalism to the modern state are grounded within: the luxury of â€Å"commerce and money† (Rousseau, â€Å"Science and Arts,† 16); onto a false sense of liberty in â€Å"commerce and agriculture† (Thoreau, â€Å"Civil Disobedience,† 228); then towards capital in â€Å"commerce† and â€Å"industry† (Marx, â€Å"Manifesto,† 210). Man, therein, reframes his/her image under the forces of production which reconstitutes their personal worth. S/he is estranged from their intrinsic life-process by the alienating practices of conditioning ideologies under hegemonic control. Wherein Rousseau, Thoreau, and Marx criticised the ideologies of power (iconography, patriotism, capitalism) and brought to the forefront the question of freedom and necessity. Whereby luxury had been misread as liberty, and freedom was seen in the industry of capital. In juxtaposition Zinn, Noble, and Saul discuss man’s alienation from his fellow (wo)men and his/her natural fraternity, which is separated by ideal consciousnesses influenced by semantics of: ideology, policy, and technology. The self-alienating effects in the transition from industrialisation to modernisation are established within: the ideologies of â€Å"political rhetoric† (Zinn, â€Å"Scholarship,† 507); theShow MoreRelatedDr Martin Luther King Jrs Influence on the Social and Political Culture of the Country2658 Words   |  11 Pagesactivism also bore roots in the rich soil of philosophy. As Blakely (2001) points out, As Martin moved on to the seminary, he began to pass countless hours studying social philosophers, including Plato, Aristotle, Rousseau, Hobbes, Bentham, Mill, and Locke. Next, Thoreau, Hegel and Marx grabbed Kings attention, as did Reinhold Niebuhr and of course Mohandas K. Gandhi (Blakely, 2001). It was Gandhi who perhaps had the strongest influence on Kings methodologies of civil disobedience. Therefore, Kings

Childhood Trauma and Neurological Development Essay

Childhood is a time for playdates and learning, a time for big dreams and imaginary adventures. Safety and security should not be questions that linger in uncertainty. However, this is not the case for many children across the globe. Thousands of children from all walks of life each day are faced with unspeakable horror and must deal with the resulting trauma from then on. However, in children, managing this trauma takes a different toll on the mind and heart than it does in adults. While the type of trauma may vary in pervasiveness across countries, trauma occurring in childhood has the ability to cause long term damage to the growing neurological functioning in the brain and negatively influence children’s spiritual development, wounding†¦show more content†¦Cross the Atlantic, Canadian researchers Trocme, Fallon, MacLaurin, Vandna, Black, Fast, Felstiner, Helie, Turcotte, Weightman, Douglas, and Holroyd (2008) denoted that the most common form of childhood trauma i s from abuse. 34% of children were being neglected by their caregivers and 20% were being physically abused by caregivers (Trocme et al, 2008). As one can see, child trauma is a major issue that is a part of multiple cultures regardless of the economic status of the country. Damage done from trauma on the neurological functioning of the brain can be widespread, but can be found to interfere with functioning of the hippocampus and the limbic system to a greater extent. Randall (2011) explained that when a large amount of stress is continually placed on the brain from ongoing trauma, cortisol, a fight or flight response chemical, can fail to stop firing when the stressor that ignited the cortisol is no longer present. This excess of cortisol impairs the brains ability to function properly (Randall, 2011). Andersen, Tomada, Vincow, Valente, Polcari, Teicher (2008) found that women who had experienced sexual abuse during childhood actually had a difference in the volume of their hippoc ampus (as cited in Pechtel and Pizzagalli, 2011). The region which controls memory and emotional regulation was found to be smaller in the women who had been sexually abused in early childhood in comparison toShow MoreRelatedA Child s Sense Of Self1297 Words   |  6 Pagesearly in development. Children exposed to early trauma, especially by a primary care giver, develop a distorted sense of the self, others, and the world. When exposed to trauma, children become overwhelmed and are unable to effectively self-regulate thus leading to a disjointed sense of self. They have a tendency to lose hope and expect that life will be dangerous thus challenging their ability to survive (Terr, 1992). Survival becomes the predominant drive for children exposed to trauma and theirRead MoreShaken Baby Syndrome737 Words   |  3 PagesAccording to Merriam-Webster, trauma is defined as a serious injury or wound to living tissue caused by an extrinsic agent; a very difficult or unpleasant experience that causes a person to have mental or emotional disturbances, usually for an extended period of time. There are many types of trauma that can affect a child’s development, specifically neural development. One pervasive form of trauma to children is Shaken Baby Syndrome. Shaken Baby Syndrome is a simple descriptive for a disturbingRead MoreChildhood Trauma And The Personality Disorders Essay1682 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Trauma affects more than twenty-five percent of children in America every year (NCMHP, 2012). This astounding statistic implies that multitudes of individuals are now dealing with the chronic results that these traumas induce, one reoccurring result being personality disorder. The purpose of this paper is to find the connections between the severity of childhood trauma and the personality disorders that can come from it. The purpose of this paper is to find the connections between the severityRead MoreWhat ´s Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder? Essay852 Words   |  4 Pagesdifficult, many researchers are working on new methods of diag-nosing PTSD more acc-urately. New Developments A new type of brain scan, called a magnetoenceph-elography (MEG) could be the first of its kind to purvey biological evidence of PTSD in patients. The MEG examines the specific neural pathways found in a person; each neurological disease seems to have its own distinctive patterns of neurological communication. In testing, neuroscientist Apostolos Georgopoulos had his experimental group of 74Read MoreThe Lifelong Health Effects Of Childhood Trauma1301 Words   |  6 PagesThe topic that I have decided to write about is childhood trauma. I wanted to research the lifelong health effects that are caused by childhood trauma. One thing that has always concerned me is the life of children growing up in war-zones or areas with extreme poverty and crime. I assume that there is a correlation between traumatic experiences and health. Many people would argue that the correlation behind it is that it is more likely that a person makes bad health decisions like drinking and doingRead MoreThe Pathway to Psychosis1433 Words   |  6 Pagesreasonable evidence. It These different theories seem to indicate that psychosis is the result of a recipe of different environmental, biological, and neural structural factors. An environmental factor that appears to play a part in the development of psychosis is stress. A study published in the European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience journal entitled Reappraisal of the interplay between psychosis and depression symptoms in the pathogenesis of psychotic syndromes:Read MoreThe Long Term Effects Of Childhood Abuse1562 Words   |  7 Pages Childhood experiences and attachments are crucial to our emotional development. Children around this country are abused and neglected every second. â€Å"Childhood maltreatment also represents a serious public health concern, with an estimated 3.3 million referrals to child protective agencies for suspected child maltreatment in 2005† (Bentley Widom, 2009). Those children who are abused eventually become adults whom suffered from childhood trauma. Although a trauma may be considered to be in the pastRead MorePaper on Amnesia1460 Words   |  6 Pagessome type of brain damage transpired. Often times, people do not remember exact occurrences down to the last moment before brain damage took place. If the person experienced brain damage in their forties, they may have excellent memory of their childhood and young adulthood, but the years leading up to the brain damage will be shady. If the person was married during these shady years they may not recall it. Currently, they have way of restoring memories that were lost through retrograde amnesiaRead MoreChildhood Trauma Can Have A Significant Impact On The Behaviour1460 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood trauma can have a significant impact on the behaviour of an individual. Previous research has shown how trauma causes behavioral problems and can also result in mental disorders in the person. Studies conducted by Gabriele et al. (2002) and Sara et al. (2013) show how incidences of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse are widespread in patients with bipolar disorder. Gabriele et al. (2002) conducted the research to find out the impact of adverse childhood events, mainly physical andRead MoreEmotional Abuse : Cause And Effects1344 Words   |  6 Pages2016). It is not hard to imagine the pain or hurtful emotions the person who wrote this quote could have possibly endured or felt. This paper explores the definition of emotional abuse, how it impacts development of empathy, causes and long term impacts, types of prevention and the need to develop trauma informed care. Emotional Abuse (EA) can happen to anyone at any time in their lives. Children, teens and adults all experience EA and it can have devastating consequences as a child (Sorsoli, 2004)

Factors Affecting Online Shopping - 1438 Words

Factors Affecting Customers’ Satisfaction in the Environment of Online Shopping 1. Abstract Online shopping is a process of buying and selling of products and services through the Internet. Online shopping has become the fastest-growing industry and Internet users have reported that online shopping is one of their primary uses of Internet. With the help of online shopping, the consumers can purchase clothing, shoes, books, airline and events tickets, foods, computers hardware and so on. In the present study an attempt have been made to analyze the perception of the young people towards online shopping in Punjab. For the analysis of data descriptive statistics have been applied. Majority of the) respondents assumed that transaction†¦show more content†¦The development of internet has created a paradigm shift of the traditional way people shop. A consumer is no longer bound to opening times for specific locations; he can become active at virtually any time and place and purchase of products or services. The number of internet users is constantly increasing which also signifies that online purchasing is increasing. The previous primary reason for shopping online was price, which has now changed to convenience. The importance of analyzing and identifying factors that influence the consumer when consumer decides to buy on the internet is crucial Since the internet is a new medium, there have been new demands set by the consumer. That is why it is crucial for the online retailers to know the factors which influence the online consumer. Internet is changing the way consumers shop and buy goods or services and has rapidly evolved into a global phenomenon. Many companies have started using the Internet with the aim of cutting marketing costs, thereby, reducing the price of their products and services in order to stay ahead in highly competitive markets. Customers use the Internet not only to buy the product online, but also to compare prices, product features and after sale service facilities, Many experts are optimistic about the prospect of online business (Shergill and Chen, 2005).Show MoreRelatedFactors Affecting Online Shopping13393 Words   |  54 Pagesto everyday activities has become so common in recent times that it has completely changed the way we live. Previous day to day activities such as communication, socializing and even consultancy which were undertaken face to face have since moved online. Consequently this has changed the way business transactions are conducted as well. 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In-fact we believe research is the most essential phase of our project because this is the first time we are working on this particular type of project and it’s a challenge for us. So, to make ourselves feel comfortable with this project it was quite necessary for us to understand Online shoppin g its various application and the ongoing researches in this field. Literature review is an essentialRead MoreQuestions On Online Shopping Development1748 Words   |  7 Pagesrepurchases. In last decades, online shopping speedily develops and deeply impacts traditional shopping. Customers and retailers are allowed to run business without limitation of geography and temporal barriers around world. By the advantages of Internet, lower prices will be provided in online markets while improve social welfare (Bapna et al. 2008), more selected product , and higher efficiency than traditional markets (Ghose et al. 2006). 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Hence today, online

Explanatory Summary of “Is Facebook Making Us Lonely” Sample Essay Example For Students

Explanatory Summary of â€Å"Is Facebook Making Us Lonely† Sample Essay 17 September 2012Explanatory Summary of â€Å"Is Facebook Making Us Lonely†In the Stephen Marche’s May 2012 publication in The Atlantic. â€Å"Is Facebook Making us Lonely† . explores the history and use of societal networking along with the most recent theories in order to reason that societal networking depends on the user’s motivations non. societal networking itself. Facebook does non make solitariness. but it does non kill off it either. It all depends on 1s use. Marche begins his article with a narrative. The narrative is about Yvette Vickers. a former playfellow and actress. who died months before anyone realized she was dead. Although. Vickers had devoted fans she merely connected with them through societal networking. This informs the reader that Vickers had no close companies. due to the fact that it took so long to detect her decease. It was discovered that her computing machine was on when she died. Marche describes Vickers’s narrative b ecause it dramatically highlights the intense solitariness a individual experiences when they have no existent human companies. merely practical 1s. The Los Angeles Times posted about Vickers’s decease. It immediately went viral. Her decease increased a turning fright of solitariness. Vickers received much more attending in decease so she did in her last old ages of life. Soon Vickers’s celebrity began to melt. Marche includes this information to demo that Facebook and Twitter â€Å"trends† aren’t existent heartache and they merely last a brief minute. Following Marche explains. the manner Internet has begun to do our society less societal. doing us lonelier. Marche uses big figure sums of money and yeas to demo how much is invested doing the reader to forma an sentiment that Facebook has high influential inclinations. Marche explains the misrepresentation of Mark Zeckeberg. In The Social Network. He explains this as it pertains to his article â€Å" Is Facebook Making Us Lonely? † Marche provinces. â€Å"Facebook. arrived in the center of a dramatic addition and strength of human loneliness† ( 62 ) . Eric Klinenberg. a sociologist at NYU. explains that it is truly about the quality non so much the measure of societal networking. Marche describes how Eric Klinenberg gives the assorted trials to people to see if they are lonely and about the epidemic of solitarine ss. which plays into if loneliness causes the alone people revert to the societal web. Furthermore. Marche explains to the reader that in the 1940s professional and societal services were non in such high demand as they are in 2010. Marche’s account for this is the social dislocation. He besides states that solitariness puts those at a greater hazard for many things such as: fleshiness and redness. Marche says solitariness is something normal with Americans. When Americans get money they buy something better and less populated. Stating all of this Marche explains this because it besides gives grounds to his thesis. Marche says one common characteristic in American civilization is its jubilation of the ego. Which. Franklin Delano Roosevelt. former president. calls individuality â€Å" The great war cry of life† . Marche explains that Americans are lonely because they want to be. but the inquiry is. Is Facebook doing us to divide or convey us together? Gathering for heat or go forthing us in hurting? Marche makes it clear that he has no existent definite sentiment. but indicates in a manner for the reader to deduce some thought of their ain. Marche says it is non merely Facebook doing solitariness but the Internet itself. He explains how a outstanding 1998 article by a squad of research workers explains how the addition in Internet additions with solitariness. Yet it may be that Facebook encourages contact with people outside of our family. Alone people are inclined to pass more clip on Facebook. Yet another research survey by Mona Burke. until late a alumnus pupil at the human-computer in stitute at Carnegie Mellon. besides discovers that grounds for Facebook varies. for illustration it could be used for concern intents. Interactions with others. to detect long lost relations etc. The list goes on. Marche includes all of this information because it provides research on the fact that non all people that use Facebook are needfully lonely. Marche goes into item about Jon Cacioppo’s. the manager of the Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience at the University of Chicago and the world’s taking expert on solitariness. .u8a402509f4b1b0b059fca2027fd9dcd0 , .u8a402509f4b1b0b059fca2027fd9dcd0 .postImageUrl , .u8a402509f4b1b0b059fca2027fd9dcd0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u8a402509f4b1b0b059fca2027fd9dcd0 , .u8a402509f4b1b0b059fca2027fd9dcd0:hover , .u8a402509f4b1b0b059fca2027fd9dcd0:visited , .u8a402509f4b1b0b059fca2027fd9dcd0:active { border:0!important; } .u8a402509f4b1b0b059fca2027fd9dcd0 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u8a402509f4b1b0b059fca2027fd9dcd0 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u8a402509f4b1b0b059fca2027fd9dcd0:active , .u8a402509f4b1b0b059fca2027fd9dcd0:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u8a402509f4b1b0b059fca2027fd9dcd0 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u8a402509f4b1b0b059fca2027fd9dcd0 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u8a402509f4b1b0b059fca2027fd9dcd0 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u8a402509f4b1b0b059fca2027fd9dcd0 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u8a402509f4b1b0b059fca2027fd9dcd0:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u8a402509f4b1b0b059fca2027fd9dcd0 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u8a402509f4b1b0b059fca2027fd9dcd0 .u8a402509f4b1b0b059fca2027fd9dcd0-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u8a402509f4b1b0b059fca2027fd9dcd0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Personal Story - My Disastrous Trip to the Dentist EssayMarche explains how Cacioppo reveals how much solitariness is impacting human psychological science. To Cacioppo. Internet communicating allows â€Å"ersatz intimacies† ( 68 ) . Marche tells the reader that in one of Cacioppo’s experiments. Cacioppo looked for a connexion between solitariness of the topic and comparative frequences of their interactions. In Cacioppo’s survey he concluded with if one uses Facebook to increase face to confront interaction. so it increases societal capitol. nevertheless if you turn to media alternatively of physical activity so that is unhealthy. Cacioppo provinces F acebook can be terrific if it is used decently. Marche goes into item about John Cacioppo’s research on solitariness to supply other sentiments and research on the thought â€Å"Is Facebook Making Us Lonely† . Marche continues with saying that solitariness is non caused by the societal media. but Americans are doing themselves to be lonely. The new engineerings lure Americans to superficial interactions. Marche says that Facebook allows its users to be themselves without the embarrassment of world. Facebook gives its users a sense of felicity. This cause the reader to bespeak that Facebook is non all bad. but this is non Marche’s point precisely. His point is to give grounds and facts to back up his thesis. The writer continues his article and brings about Sherry Turkle. a professor of computing machine civilization at MIT. Marche explains that Turkle is much more disbelieving of the on-line society. She feels that the job with societal networking is that it is uncomplete. It does non give the full connexion with existent worlds. Marche negotiations about Lanier and Turk and their diagnosings of NPD and how it was right. Egotistic personality upset ( NPD ) is a status in which people have a utmost sense of self- importance and a high preoccupation with themselves. Lanier and Turk survyed 35. 000 people of egotistic personality upset ( NPD ) . One in 16 Americans has NPD. Marche feels the danger with Facebook is that it threatens the American nature of purdah. Facebook revealed that it is non the same as a existent human face to confront interaction. Facebook does non give its users the pleasance to bury our concerns. but a op portunity to unplug signifier world. So this all concludes to that Facebook does non do solitariness but it is a manner to ease it. To give false companies and to convey communicating.